The world into Gattaca (1997) is immersed in a dystopia based on genetic determinism. Set in “near future”, the film analyzes themes of eugenics and genetic engineering, and the ethical implications of using these technologies to manipulate human biology.

In the movie, human embryos are selected through in vitro fertilization and modified before conception of the fetus to ensure the best genes, and therefore the birth of the best possible individuals. This technological development has led to a new form of discrimination, that based on genes: indeed, the genetic makeup of individuals is the only determinant of their social status and their professional opportunities. People born without genetic advantages are considered inferior and relegated to the margins of society, forced into menial jobs and without the possibility of receiving an education or being able to pursue a career of their choice.

Vincent Freeman, the protagonist of the film, played by Ethan Hawke, was born in the traditional way and is therefore considered 'imperfect' in a society where screening and genetic engineering have become the norm. To fulfill his dream of becoming an astronaut, Vincent assumes the identity of a genetically 'perfect' man, Jerome Morrow, played by Jude Law, who was paralyzed following an accident. With the help of Jerome, Vincent passes genetic tests and secures a job at the Gattaca Aerospace Corporation.

Thus it will be Vincent himself who challenges the imposed social order, determined to make his dream come true, thereby demonstrating that “there is no gene for the human spirit”.

 

The technology used in the film for in vitro fertilization and genetic screening of embryos is based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a method for amplifying DNA. PCR is a laboratory technique used to amplify or make multiple copies of a specific segment of DNA. The PCR process involves heating and cooling a mixture of DNA, primer (short DNA fragments that bind to the DNA sequence to be analyzed) and a DNA polymerase enzyme. The polymerase enzyme extends the primers, making copies of the 'target' DNA segment. Repeating the heating and cooling cycles, the copy number of the 'target' DNA segment can be increased exponentially, facilitating the study and analysis of this. It is a molecular biology tool and is used in a wide range of applications, including genetic research, medical diagnostics and forensic analysis.

In the dystopian world of Gattaca, the regime's faith in the absoluteness of genetic determinism is unchallenged. In the movie, indeed, it is believed that the genetic makeup is sufficient to have an accurate view not only of the health and physical appearance of the individual, but also of his temperament and his character. This narrow view of human complexity ignores many of the environmental and social influences that go into making each of us. Most genetic data only provides information about the likelihood or susceptibility to developing a disorder or trait. Whether a person develops a certain trait or disorder during their lifetime depends on complex interactions between their genetic inheritance and the environment, the individual himself and society. Gattaca does not criticize the technology; rather, the film warns of the problems that arise if we believe that human beings are nothing more than the sum of their genes.

 

In conclusion, Gattaca it remains relevant today as it raises important questions about genetic testing, genetic engineering, social inequality, discrimination and the resilience of the human spirit. Though the film does take some creative liberties with science, it also reminds us that we must be aware of the potential consequences of technology and its applications on society, and that we must strive to create a just and equitable society for all individuals.

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